Comparison of GLP-1RAs vs Other Pharmacotherapy for Obesity
A Clinical Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46570/utjms-2024-1218Keywords:
GLP-1RAs, obesity, pharmacotherapy obesity, tirzepatide, semaglutide, weight lossAbstract
Background: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that 42% of adults in the United States (US) are obese, and 10% are severely obese. Obesity has many known associated health risks, and successful treatment decreases those risks. Management always includes diet and lifestyle changes and drug therapy can improve weight loss. The current United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved pharmaceutical therapy choices for long-term use include a combination of phentermine-topiramate, combination bupropion-naltrexone, orlistat, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and dual action GLP-1RAs and gastric inhibitory peptide agonists (GIP).
Objectives: This review will summarize evidence comparing the safety and efficacy of GLP-1RAs or GLP-1RAs/GIP agonists with other pharmacologic treatments to achieve and maintain weight loss, improve quality of life, and reduce morbidity in obese adults.
Methods: We completed a literature review of multiple databases, including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases, to identify studies about pharmacologic treatment for overweight or obese adults with or without T2DM and reporting outcomes of mean percentage body weight loss. An emphasis was placed on choosing meta-analyses and primary studies in patients without T2DM. We excluded articles older than 5 years or published in a language other than English. 19 meta-analyses and 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were chosen, and 13 meta-analyses were excluded based on not meeting the inclusion criteria. 6 meta-analyses and 2 RCTs were included.
Results: The literature showed that over 52 weeks, liraglutide reduced mean body weight percentage by 4.81% (95% CI: 4.23%-5.39%). Between a 12-68 week period in patients receiving semaglutide, three meta-analyses reported reduced weight by 12.57% [97% CI 10.35%-14.80%,) 10.55% (95% CI 6.96%-14.13%,) and 10.09% (95% CI: 8.33%-11.84%.) Tirzepatide, a novel GLP-1RA and GIP agonist, recently completed a phase-3 RCT, which showed that over 72 weeks, the mean weight percentage decrease was 18.4% (95% CI: 18.5%-23.2%) vs a 3.1% weight gain with placebo, a change of 21.8%. Each of the GLP-1RA agents (including tirzepatide) improved cardiometabolic risk factors. Phentermine-topiramate reduced mean body weight percentage by 8.45% (95% CI, 7.89%–9.01%) after 52-56 weeks. Bupropion-naltrexone reduced mean body weight percentage by 3.01% (95% CI, 2.47%–3.54%) over 56 weeks. Finally, orlistat reduced mean body weight percentage by 2.78% (95% CI, 2.36%–3.20%) after 1-4 years. Semaglutide is a well-established drug with weight loss, but tirzepatide shows the most promise in being the superior agent.
Conclusion: It is well known that pharmacotherapy with diet and exercise is more effective than diet and exercise alone in achieving weight loss. The GLP-1RAs are effective for weight loss, with semaglutide more effective than phentermine-topiramate, bupropion-naltrexone, orlistat, and liraglutide. Tirzepatide shows promise as a superior agent, but more comprehensive studies need to be done. When choosing pharmacotherapy, utilizing a GLP-1RA (semaglutide) or a dual GLP-1RA/GIP agonist (tirzepatide) can improve cardiometabolic risk factors and quality of life and is more effective than any other FDA-approved agent. ?
References
References
CDC. Adult Obesity Facts. 2022 03/17/2022; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html.
Hanson, P. and T.M. Barber, Should we use BMI as a selection criterion for bariatric surgery? Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2019. 14(4): p. 221-223. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17446651.2019.1618184
Ross, R., I.J. Neeland, S. Yamashita, I. Shai, J. Seidell, P. Magni, R.D. Santos, B. Arsenault, A. Cuevas, F.B. Hu, B.A. Griffin, A. Zambon, P. Barter, J.C. Fruchart, R.H. Eckel, Y. Matsuzawa, and J.P. Després, Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol, 2020. 16(3): p. 177-189. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7
Jensen, M.D., D.H. Ryan, C.M. Apovian, J.D. Ard, A.G. Comuzzie, K.A. Donato, F.B. Hu, V.S. Hubbard, J.M. Jakicic, R.F. Kushner, C.M. Loria, B.E. Millen, C.A. Nonas, F.X. Pi-Sunyer, J. Stevens, V.J. Stevens, T.A. Wadden, B.M. Wolfe, S.Z. Yanovski, H.S. Jordan, K.A. Kendall, L.J. Lux, R. Mentor-Marcel, L.C. Morgan, M.G. Trisolini, J. Wnek, J.L. Anderson, J.L. Halperin, N.M. Albert, B. Bozkurt, R.G. Brindis, L.H. Curtis, D. DeMets, J.S. Hochman, R.J. Kovacs, E.M. Ohman, S.J. Pressler, F.W. Sellke, W.K. Shen, S.C. Smith, Jr., and G.F. Tomaselli, 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Circulation, 2014. 129(25 Suppl 2): p. S102-38.
Enright, C., E. Thomas, and D.R. Saxon, An Updated Approach to Antiobesity Pharmacotherapy: Moving Beyond the 5% Weight Loss Goal. Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2023. 7(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvac195
Warren, M.B., Stacy; Delgado, Daphne, The State of Obesity. 2019. p. 92.
Polyzos, S.A., J. Kountouras, and C.S. Mantzoros, Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. Metabolism, 2019. 92: p. 82-97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.014
Ard, J., A. Fitch, S. Fruh, and L. Herman, Weight Loss and Maintenance Related to the Mechanism of Action of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists. Advances in Therapy, 2021. 38(6): p. 2821-2839. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01710-0
Obesity and Cancer Fact Sheet. 2022 04/13/2022 - 08:00 [cited 2023 03/11]; Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/obesity/obesity-fact-sheet.
Milaneschi, Y., W.K. Simmons, E.F.C. van Rossum, and B.W. Penninx, Depression and obesity: evidence of shared biological mechanisms. Mol Psychiatry, 2019. 24(1): p. 18-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-018-0017-5
Jehan, S., F. Zizi, S.R. Pandi-Perumal, S.I. McFarlane, G. Jean-Louis, and A.K. Myers, Energy imbalance: obesity, associated comorbidities, prevention, management and public health implications. Adv Obes Weight Manag Control, 2020. 10(5): p. 146-161. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15406/aowmc.2020.10.00321
Garvey, W.T., J.I. Mechanick, E.M. Brett, A.J. Garber, D.L. Hurley, A.M. Jastreboff, K. Nadolsky, R. Pessah-Pollack, and R. Plodkowski, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for Medical Care of Patients with Obesity. Endocr Pract, 2016. 22 Suppl 3: p. 1-203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4158/EP161365.GL
Jensen, M.D., D.H. Ryan, C.M. Apovian, J.D. Ard, A.G. Comuzzie, K.A. Donato, F.B. Hu, V.S. Hubbard, J.M. Jakicic, R.F. Kushner, C.M. Loria, B.E. Millen, C.A. Nonas, F.X. Pi-Sunyer, J. Stevens, V.J. Stevens, T.A. Wadden, B.M. Wolfe, and S.Z. Yanovski, 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS Guideline for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. Circulation, 2014. 129(25_suppl_2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee
Ryan, D.H. and S. Kahan, Guideline Recommendations for Obesity Management. Med Clin North Am, 2018. 102(1): p. 49-63. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.006
Tak, Y.J. and S.Y. Lee, Anti-obesity drugs: long-term efficacy and safety: an updated review. The World Journal of Men's Health, 2021. 39(2): p. 208. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.200010
Angelidi, A.M., M.J. Belanger, A. Kokkinos, C.C. Koliaki, and C.S. Mantzoros, Novel Noninvasive Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity: From Pharmacotherapy to Gene Therapy. Endocrine Reviews, 2022. 43(3): p. 507-557. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnab034
Corvari, V.J.M., Christopher Sears; Mishra, Dinesh Shyamdeo; Qian, Ken Kangyi, Zepbound. 2022, Eli Lilly and Co: United States. p. 7.
Wadden, T.A., A.M. Chao, S. Machineni, R. Kushner, J. Ard, G. Srivastava, B. Halpern, S. Zhang, J. Chen, M.C. Bunck, N.N. Ahmad, and T. Forrester, Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nature Medicine, 2023. 29(11): p. 2909-2918. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02597-w
Theilade, S., M.B. Christensen, T. Vilsboll, and F.K. Knop, An overview of obesity mechanisms in humans: Endocrine regulation of food intake, eating behaviour and common determinants of body weight. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2021. 23 Suppl 1: p. 17-35. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14270
Muller, M.J., J. Enderle, M. Pourhassan, W. Braun, B. Eggeling, M. Lagerpusch, C.C. Gluer, J.J. Kehayias, D. Kiosz, and A. Bosy-Westphal, Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: the Minnesota Starvation Experiment revisited. Am J Clin Nutr, 2015. 102(4): p. 807-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.109173
Astrup, A., P.C. Gotzsche, K. van de Werken, C. Ranneries, S. Toubro, A. Raben, and B. Buemann, Meta-analysis of resting metabolic rate in formerly obese subjects. Am J Clin Nutr, 1999. 69(6): p. 1117-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.6.1117
Wharton, S., D.C.W. Lau, M. Vallis, A.M. Sharma, L. Biertho, D. Campbell-Scherer, K. Adamo, A. Alberga, R. Bell, N. Boulé, E. Boyling, J. Brown, B. Calam, C. Clarke, L. Crowshoe, D. Divalentino, M. Forhan, Y. Freedhoff, M. Gagner, S. Glazer, C. Grand, M. Green, M. Hahn, R. Hawa, R. Henderson, D. Hong, P. Hung, I. Janssen, K. Jacklin, C. Johnson-Stoklossa, A. Kemp, S. Kirk, J. Kuk, M.F. Langlois, S. Lear, A. McInnes, D. Macklin, L. Naji, P. Manjoo, M.P. Morin, K. Nerenberg, I. Patton, S. Pedersen, L. Pereira, H. Piccinini-Vallis, M. Poddar, P. Poirier, D. Prud'homme, X.R. Salas, C. Rueda-Clausen, S. Russell-Mayhew, J. Shiau, D. Sherifali, J. Sievenpiper, S. Sockalingam, V. Taylor, E. Toth, L. Twells, R. Tytus, S. Walji, L. Walker, and S. Wicklum, Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. Cmaj, 2020. 192(31): p. E875-e891. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.191707
Drucker, D.J., GLP-1 physiology informs the pharmacotherapy of obesity. Molecular Metabolism, 2022. 57: p. 101351. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101351
Trapp, S. and D.I. Brierley, Brain GLP-1 and the regulation of food intake: GLP-1 action in the brain and its implications for GLP-1 receptor agonists in obesity treatment. British Journal of Pharmacology, 2022. 179(4): p. 557-570. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15638
Maselli, D.B. and M. Camilleri, Effects of GLP-1 and Its Analogs on Gastric Physiology in Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity, in Diabetes: from Research to Clinical Practice, M.S. Islam, Editor. 2020, Springer International Publishing: Cham. p. 171-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2020_496
van Eyk, H.J., E.H.M. Paiman, M.B. Bizino, S.L. Ijzermans, F. Kleiburg, T.G.W. Boers, E.J. Rappel, J. Burakiewicz, H.E. Kan, J.W.A. Smit, H.J. Lamb, I.M. Jazet, and P.C.N. Rensen, Liraglutide decreases energy expenditure and does not affect the fat fraction of supraclavicular brown adipose tissue in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2020. 30(4): p. 616-624. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2019.12.005
Janssen, L.G.M., K.J. Nahon, K.F.M. Bracké, D. van den Broek, R. Smit, A.S.D. Sardjoe Mishre, L.L. Koorneef, B. Martinez-Tellez, J. Burakiewicz, H.E. Kan, F.H.P. van Velden, L.M. Pereira Arias-Bouda, L.F. de Geus-Oei, J.F.P. Berbée, I.M. Jazet, M.R. Boon, and P.C.N. Rensen, Twelve weeks of exenatide treatment increases [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose uptake by brown adipose tissue without affecting oxidative resting energy expenditure in nondiabetic males. Metabolism, 2020. 106: p. 154167. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154167
Basolo, A., J. Burkholder, K. Osgood, A. Graham, S. Bundrick, J. Frankl, P. Piaggi, M.S. Thearle, and J. Krakoff, Exenatide has a pronounced effect on energy intake but not energy expenditure in non-diabetic subjects with obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Metabolism, 2018. 85: p. 116-125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.017
Chia, C.W. and J.M. Egan, Incretins in obesity and diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2020. 1461(1): p. 104-126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14211
Mehta, A., S.P. Marso, and I.J. Neeland, Liraglutide for weight management: a critical review of the evidence. Obes Sci Pract, 2017. 3(1): p. 3-14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.84
Grunvald, E., R. Shah, R. Hernaez, A.K. Chandar, O. Pickett-Blakely, L.M. Teigen, T. Harindhanavudhi, S. Sultan, S. Singh, and P. Davitkov, AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on Pharmacological Interventions for Adults With Obesity. Gastroenterology, 2022. 163(5): p. 1198-1225. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2022.08.045
Lin, Q., Y. Xue, H. Zou, Z. Ruan, C.O.L. Ung, and H. Hu, Efficacy and safety of liraglutide for obesity and people who are overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022. 15(12): p. 1461-1469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2022.2130760
Shi, Q., Y. Wang, Q. Hao, P.O. Vandvik, G. Guyatt, J. Li, Z. Chen, S. Xu, Y. Shen, L. Ge, F. Sun, L. Li, J. Yu, K. Nong, X. Zou, S. Zhu, C. Wang, S. Zhang, Z. Qiao, Z. Jian, Y. Li, X. Zhang, K. Chen, F. Qu, Y. Wu, Y. He, H. Tian, and S. Li, Pharmacotherapy for adults with overweight and obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. The Lancet, 2022. 399(10321): p. 259-269. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01640-8
Neeland, I.J., S.P. Marso, C.R. Ayers, B. Lewis, R. Oslica, W. Francis, S. Rodder, A. Pandey, and P.H. Joshi, Effects of liraglutide on visceral and ectopic fat in adults with overweight and obesity at high cardiovascular risk: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2021. 9(9): p. 595-605. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00179-0
Moon, S., J. Lee, H.S. Chung, Y.J. Kim, J.M. Yu, S.H. Yu, and C.-M. Oh, Efficacy and Safety of the New Appetite Suppressant, Liraglutide: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. enm, 2021. 36(3): p. 647-660. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2020.934
Ghusn, W., A. De la Rosa, D. Sacoto, L. Cifuentes, A. Campos, F. Feris, M.D. Hurtado, and A. Acosta, Weight Loss Outcomes Associated With Semaglutide Treatment for Patients With Overweight or Obesity. JAMA Network Open, 2022. 5(9): p. e2231982-e2231982. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31982
Zhong, P., H. Zeng, M. Huang, W. Fu, and Z. Chen, Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: a meta-analysis. Endocrine, 2022. 75(3): p. 718-724. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02945-1
He, K., Q. Guo, H. Zhang, W. Xi, J. Li, and Z. Jing, Once?weekly semaglutide for obesity or overweight: A systematic review and meta?analysis. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2022. 24(4): p. 722-726. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14612
Gao, X., X. Hua, X. Wang, W. Xu, Y. Zhang, C. Shi, and M. Gu, Efficacy and safety of semaglutide on weight loss in obese or overweight patients without diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2022. 13: p. 935823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.935823
Jastreboff, A.M., L.J. Aronne, N.N. Ahmad, S. Wharton, L. Connery, B. Alves, A. Kiyosue, S. Zhang, B. Liu, M.C. Bunck, and A. Stefanski, Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 2022. 387(3): p. 205-216. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2206038
Aronne, L.J., N. Sattar, D.B. Horn, H.E. Bays, S. Wharton, W.-Y. Lin, N.N. Ahmad, S. Zhang, R. Liao, M.C. Bunck, I. Jouravskaya, M.A. Murphy, and S.-. Investigators, Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0044-1785403
Cignarella, A., L. Busetto, and R. Vettor, Pharmacotherapy of obesity: An update. Pharmacological Research, 2021. 169: p. 105649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105649
Cosentino, G., A.O. Conrad, and G.I. Uwaifo, Phentermine and topiramate for the management of obesity: a review. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 2013. 7: p. 267-278. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S31443
Gadde, K.M., D.B. Allison, D.H. Ryan, C.A. Peterson, B. Troupin, M.L. Schwiers, and W.W. Day, Effects of low-dose, controlled-release, phentermine plus topiramate combination on weight and associated comorbidities in overweight and obese adults (CONQUER): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. The Lancet, 2011. 377(9774): p. 1341-1352. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60205-5
Greenway, F.L., M.J. Whitehouse, M. Guttadauria, J.W. Anderson, R.L. Atkinson, K. Fujioka, K.M. Gadde, A.K. Gupta, P. O'Neil, D. Schumacher, D. Smith, E. Dunayevich, G.D. Tollefson, E. Weber, and M.A. Cowley, Rational Design of a Combination Medication for the Treatment of Obesity. Obesity, 2009. 17(1): p. 30-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.461
Montan, P.D., A. Sourlas, J. Olivero, D. Silverio, E. Guzman, and C.E. Kosmas, Pharmacologic therapy of obesity: mechanisms of action and cardiometabolic effects. Ann Transl Med, 2019. 7(16): p. 393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21037/atm.2019.07.27
Padwal, R.S., D. Rucker, S.K. Li, C. Curioni, and D.C.W. Lau, Long?term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2003(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004094.pub2
Hannan, J. and K. Fuller. Off-label use of diabetes medication effective for weight loss. 2022 September 29, 2022 December 16, 2022]; Available from: https://www.mdlinx.com/article/off-label-use-of-diabetes-medication-effective-for-weight-loss/1NTdZj7WKuOMDge7rMUOEW.
Torres, K.C. Who can take Trulicity for weight loss? 2022 12/16/2022]; Available from: https://www.singlecare.com/blog/trulicity-weight-loss/.
Bramante, C.T., S. Raatz, E.M. Bomberg, M.M. Oberle, and J.R. Ryder, Cardiovascular Risks and Benefits of Medications Used for Weight Loss. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2019. 10: p. 883. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00883
Bonora, E., J.P. Frias, F.J. Tinahones, J. Van, R.E. Malik, Z. Yu, R. Mody, A. Bethel, A.Y.M. Kwan, and D.A. Cox, Effect of dulaglutide 3.0 and 4.5 mg on weight in patients with type 2 diabetes: Exploratory analyses of AWARD-11. Diabetes Obes Metab, 2021. 23(10): p. 2242-2250. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14465
Wilding, J.P.H., R.L. Batterham, S. Calanna, M. Davies, L.F. Van Gaal, I. Lingvay, B.M. McGowan, J. Rosenstock, M.T.D. Tran, T.A. Wadden, S. Wharton, K. Yokote, N. Zeuthen, and R.F. Kushner, Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 2021. 384(11): p. 989-1002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
Pi-Sunyer, X., A. Astrup, K. Fujioka, F. Greenway, A. Halpern, M. Krempf, D.C. Lau, C.W. le Roux, R. Violante Ortiz, C.B. Jensen, J.P. Wilding, S. Obesity, and N.N.S.G. Prediabetes, A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management. N Engl J Med, 2015. 373(1): p. 11-22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1411892
O'Neil, P.M., A.L. Birkenfeld, B. McGowan, O. Mosenzon, S.D. Pedersen, S. Wharton, C.G. Carson, C.H. Jepsen, M. Kabisch, and J.P.H. Wilding, Efficacy and safety of semaglutide compared with liraglutide and placebo for weight loss in patients with obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2 trial. The Lancet, 2018. 392(10148): p. 637-649. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31773-2
Maciejewski, M.L., D.E. Arterburn, L. Van Scoyoc, V.A. Smith, W.S. Yancy, Jr., H.J. Weidenbacher, E.H. Livingston, and M.K. Olsen, Bariatric Surgery and Long-term Durability of Weight Loss. JAMA Surg, 2016. 151(11): p. 1046-1055. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2016.2317
Eisenberg, D., S.A. Shikora, E. Aarts, A. Aminian, L. Angrisani, R.V. Cohen, M. De Luca, S.L. Faria, K.P.S. Goodpaster, A. Haddad, J.M. Himpens, L. Kow, M. Kurian, K. Loi, K. Mahawar, A. Nimeri, M. O’Kane, P.K. Papasavas, J. Ponce, J.S.A. Pratt, A.M. Rogers, K.E. Steele, M. Suter, and S.N. Kothari, 2022 American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO): Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 2022. 18(12): p. 1345-1356. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2022.08.013
Sumithran, P., L.A. Prendergast, E. Delbridge, K. Purcell, A. Shulkes, A. Kriketos, and J. Proietto, Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med, 2011. 365(17): p. 1597-604. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1105816
Wilding, J.P.H., R.L. Batterham, M. Davies, L.F. Van Gaal, K. Kandler, K. Konakli, I. Lingvay, B.M. McGowan, T.K. Oral, J. Rosenstock, T.A. Wadden, S. Wharton, K. Yokote, R.F. Kushner, and S.S. Group, Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 2022. 24(8): p. 1553-1564. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14725
Allison, D.B., K.M. Gadde, W.T. Garvey, C.A. Peterson, M.L. Schwiers, T. Najarian, P.Y. Tam, B. Troupin, and W.W. Day, Controlled-release phentermine/topiramate in severely obese adults: a randomized controlled trial (EQUIP). Obesity (Silver Spring), 2012. 20(2): p. 330-42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2011.330
le Roux, C.W., A. Astrup, K. Fujioka, F. Greenway, D.C.W. Lau, L. Van Gaal, R.V. Ortiz, J.P.H. Wilding, T.V. Skjoth, L.S. Manning, X. Pi-Sunyer, and S.O.P.N.-S. Group, 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet, 2017. 389(10077): p. 1399-1409.
Hall, K.D. and S. Kahan, Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity. Med Clin North Am, 2018. 102(1): p. 183-197. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.012
Levi, J., J. Wang, F. Venter, and A. Hill, Estimated minimum prices and lowest available national prices for antiobesity medications: Improving affordability and access to treatment. Obesity. n/a(n/a).
Gomez, G. and F.C. Stanford, US health policy and prescription drug coverage of FDA-approved medications for the treatment of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond), 2018. 42(3): p. 495-500. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.287
Kabiri, M., A. Sexton Ward, A. Ramasamy, R. Kee, R. Ganguly, B.G. Smolarz, T. Zvenyach, J.R. Baumgardner, and D.P. Goldman, Simulating the Fiscal Impact of Anti-Obesity Medications as an Obesity Reduction Strategy. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 2021. 58: p. 0046958021990516. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958021990516
Watkins, S., J.C. Toliver, N. Kim, S. Whitmire, and W.T. Garvey, Economic outcomes of antiobesity medication use among adults in the United States: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy, 2022. 28(10): p. 1066-1079. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2022.22116
Green, L. and P. Taddei-Allen, Shifting paradigms: Reframing coverage of antiobesity medications for plan sponsors. J Manag Care Spec Pharm, 2023. 29(5): p. 564-568. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18553/jmcp.2023.29.5.564
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Dr. Overholser, Dr. Czech, Dr. Speer, Joel Wilson, Alex Overholser (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
